To study the frequency of obesity among female students of nishtar medical college, multan

Objectives: 1. To find out obesity frequency among female students of Nishtar Medical College by measuring their Body Mass Index. 2-To create awareness about hazards of obesity among them

Study Design: Observational / Cross sectional study

Place and duration of study: This Study was carried out at Nishtar Medical College, Multan from October 2015 to December, 2015

Materials and Methods: A sample of 250 female students was taken by convenient sampling technique,50 students from each class were included in the study. After taking informed consent, all the desired in formations were collected by developing a structured questionnaire. Excel and SPSS software were used to analyze data

Results: Out of the total 250 students, 80[32%] were obese and 170[68%] were non-obese. Among the obese students, 24[30%] were from final year and 13[16.25%] were from first year MDBS class. There was very high percentage of obese students 59[73.75%] belonging to middle socioeconomic class. Most of the students 42[52.5%] were consuming 2100-2500 calories/day. Among the obese students, only 10[12.5%] were doing exercise daily. 22 [27.5%] students had positive family history of obesity. About 13[16.25%] students were consuming fast food once daily and 46[57.5%] were taking 2-3 times per week

Conclusion: Obesity is a significant problem among female medical students. The main risk factors identified were middle economic status, lack of exercise, overall sedentary life style, with high calories and fast food consumption

Peripheral arterial disease [PAD]; frequency in diabetics

[1] To determine the frequency of PAD in diabetic patients. [2] To compare the frequency of PAD in diabetics taking different treatment modalities. Observational Cross-sectional study. Diabetic Research Centre Nishtar Hospital Multan. Dec. 2010 to Dec.2011. Four hundred and forty three [443] consecutive diabetic patients were included in the study .History, Clinical Examination, Blood Sampling, HBA1C and Doppler's studies for ABI were carried out. Grading of severity of PAD was done on the basis of ABI. A total of 443 diabetic patients were screened for PAD by ABI. Out of 443 diabetic patients 346[78.1%] were males and 97[21.9%] were females. 332[74.9%] patients were in age group 35-45 years, having normal ABI. 111[25.1%] patients were in age group of 45-55 years having abnormal ABI. So on the basis of ABI the frequency of PAD was found 25.1%. Among 111 diabetic patients with abnormal ABI 97[87.4%] have mild to moderate PAD while 14[12.6%] have severe PAD. Patients with severe PAD were in age group 55 and above and they have longer duration of diabetes. Out of 111 diabetic patients with abnormal ABI 87[78.4%] were males and 24[21.6%] were females indicating disease predominance in males. PAD was more common in patients who were on Oral hypoglycemic agents. The study demonstrates a high prevalence of PAD among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This needs to be appropriately evaluated by the medical professionals

study of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding breast feeding among feeding mothers

To determine the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding child feeding among feeding mothers and to promote breast-feeding practices among lactating mothers. Observational cross-sectional study [KAP Study]. This study was conducted at OPD and indoors of Obstetrics and pediatrics departments of Nishtar Hospital, Multan during the period from October 2010 to January 2011. A total of 160 feeding mothers were selected by simple random technique. In our study out of 160 mothers16 [10%] had matric education and only 08 [5%] had education higher than F.A while 80 [50%] were totally illiterate. Breast-feeding practices were low in lower class and high in middle and upper classes. A total of 61% children were breast-fed while 39% were non breast-fed. Out of 61% breast fed children, 45% were exclusively breast fed while 16% were partially breast-fed. Among the breast-fed children 60% were male while 40% were female. The mothers who started breast feeding with in few hours after birth were 61[38%] and 72 [45%] started breast-feeding on 1[st] day while 27 [17%] mothers started breast feeding on 2[nd] day after birth. 97%infants were given 'water', 'sugar', 'honey' and 'arq-e-gulag' as ghutti [1[st] feed] rather than giving breast milk due to different reasons. Duration of breast feeding was less than 1 year in 88 [55%] of the mothers, 56 [35%] breast fed their babies for 1-2 years while 16 [10%] breast fed for more than 2 years. Prelacteal feeds were given to majority of babies as first feed by relatives. Male infants are more breasts fed as compared to females. Most of the mothers don't breastfeed their children for the first 2-3 days because of misconception about colostrums. The leading cause of early weaning in most of children is next pregnancy. The trend in the breastfeeding is relatively lower in the lower socioeconomic class as compared to the middle and upper classes

Role of feeding practices in causation of diarrhea in young infants [06 months of age]

To study the role of feeding practices in causation of diarrhea in young infants. This was a comparative cross sectional study conducted at OPD and Indoor Pediatrics Departments of Nishtar Hospital, Multan during the period from April 2008 to August 2008. A total of one hundred and sixty two infants of 06 months of age both male and female were included in the study by simple random technique. Half of the infants were on Breast feeding and half were on bottle feeding. Data were collected from parents/attendant of the young infants by a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The Data was analyzed by applying various Statistical formulas and tests such as frequencies, percentages, Means and Chi square test etc. Out of 86 Breast fed infants diarrhea was present in 30 [35%] infants and it was absent in 56 [65%] infants. Out of total 86 bottle fed infants diarrhea was present in 48 [56%] infants and it was absent in 38 [44%] infants. The level of significance was set at 0.001. It was concluded that bottle fed infants has significantly higher instances of diarrhea than breast fed infants. The proportion of male and female infants was same in both bottle fed and breast fed infants, so gender was eliminated as a confounding factor

Study of association between diabetes mellitus [D.M] and hepatitis-C virus [HCV] infection

To study the frequency of hepatitis-C virus infection in diabetic patients. The observational descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Diabetes Research Centre Nishtar Medical College and Hospital, Multan from September 2006 to December 2007. Two thousand three hundred and twenty seven [2327] diabetic patients were included and were screened for anti-HCV antibodies by immuno-chromatography technique. Out of 2327 diabetic patients, HCV was found in 283 [12.2%]. Among 283 anti-HCV positive diabetics 147 [51.9%] were males and 136[48.1%] were females. The mean age of HCV positive patients was 58 +/- 13.41 years and it was observed the prevalence of HCV increases after the age of 40 years. Hepatitis-C virus infection is common in diabetic patients as compared to general population

Ventricular tachycardia; prevalence and prognosis

Frequent or complex patterns of ventricular ectopic activity, whether occurring during routine activity or induced by exercise, are often a marker for serious heart disease and a harbinger of sudden death. The detection of such arrhythmias is thus an important responsibility of the physician. To find the prevalence, associated characteristics and prognostic significance of exercise induced non-sustained VT in a representative population. Nishtar Hospital, Multan. 1000 patients. Two years. Descriptive, analytical study. Convenient probability sampling done. Ten subjects, 7 men and 3 women, with exercise induced VT were identified, representing 1.1% of those tested; only 1 was young than 65 years. All episodes of VT were asymptomatic and non-sustained. In 9 of 10 subjects, VT developed at or near peak exercise. The longest run of VT was 6 beats; multiple runs of VT were present in 4 subjects. Two subjects had exercise induced ST segment depression, but subsequent exercise thallium scintigraphic results were negative in each. Compared with a group of age and sex matched control subjects. those with asymptomatic, non-sustained VT displayed no difference in exercise duration, maximal heart rate, or the prevalence of coronary risk factors or exercise induced ischemia as measured by electrocardiography and thallium scintigrahy. Over a mean follow period of 2 years, no subject has developed symptoms of heart disease or experienced syncope or sudden death. Thus, exercise induced VT in apparently healthy subjects occurs almost exclusively in the elderly, is limited to short, asymptomatic runs of 3 to 6 beats usually near peak exercise, and does not portend increased cardiovascular morbidity or mortality rates over a 2 year period of observation. Exercise induced VT in apparently healthy subjects occurs almost exclusively in the elderly, is limited to short, asymptomatic runs of 3 to 6 beats usually near peak exercise, and does not show increased cardiovascular morbidity or mortality rates over a 2 year period of observation

Frequency of hepatitis-C virus infection in blood donors of blood bank, Nishtar Hospital, Multan

To determine the frequency of hepatitis-C virus infection in blood donors. Material and methods:-This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at blood bank of Nishtar Hospital. Multan during the period from July 2002 to September 2002. One thousand blood donor fulfilling the criteria of blood donation coming to the blood bank of Nishlar Hospital. Multan were included. They were screened for anti-HCV antibodies by immunochromatography technique. This was a descriptive study. After asking name, age. marital status, address. their hemoglobin and blood groups were checked and try asked about the history of transfusion. visit to dentist. sharing razor. present or past jaundice drug abuse. jaundice and carcinoma of liver in the family or any history of surgery. Out of 1000 blood donors, 940 [94%] were males and 60 [6%] females and the anti-HCV positive blood donors were 38 [3.8%]. Among anti-HCV positive blood donors 36 [3.8%] were males and 2 [3.3%] were females. There was no significant difference in different sex and age groups in acquiring HCV infection. Out of 38 anti-HCV positive blood donors. not even a single blood donor had Rh-negative blood group. History of different risk factors was present in 289 [28.9%] blood donors. 18 [1.8%] who had history of blood transfusion. 5 [27.8%] were positive for anti-HCV. The frequency of HCV infection in blood donors this region of Punjab is 3.8% which is relatively high. Highest incidence is found in age group 30-45 years [55.2%] and in married women [4.4%]

Role of iron supplementation in the improvement of hemoglobin level, in the third trimester of pregnancy and in the prevention of iron' deficiency anemia

To evaluate the role of iron supplementation in the improvement of hemoglobin level in the third trimester of pregnancy and in the prevention of iron deficiency anemia. This non-interventional descriptive study was conduced at Mother and Child Health Centre [MCH], Nishtar Hospital, Multan during the period from July 2003 to March 2004. A total of 100 women of variable age groups and of different socio-economic status with 5 months of pregnancy were included in the study. After history and clinical examination their hemoglobin level were. checked by photometric method. Then these women were provided iron supplement for three months and their hemoglobin levels were rechecked by same method and the results. were compared. Out of 100 women enrolled in the study the compliance of iron supplementation was seen only in 80 women. There mean hemoglobin level before iron intake was 8.8 gm/dl and 60 [75%] had hemoglobin level less than 10 gm/dl. Out of these 60 anemic women, 51[85%] were multiparae or grand multiparae. They mostly belonged to lower socio-economic status. Only 9 [15%] were primigravidae. Iron deficiency anemia is very common in pregnant women in Pakistan particularly in multiparous and grand multiparous women of lower socio-economic status. Improvement of diet especially enhancing assess to iron rich, foods and iron supplementation at least in third trimester can reduce the frequency of anemia in pregnant women

Concomitant chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin and 5-flourouracil in locally advanced unresectable head and neck carcinomas

To see the effect of concomitant chemo-radiotherapy on the survival of patient, to assess the toxicity of different treatment arms and the effect of age, sex and bulk or tumour on survival and compare the literature; Radiotherapy Department, Nishtar Hospital, Multan. This study was conducted in the Radiotherapy Department, Nishtar Hospital, Multan during the period of 2 years from 1998 to 2000. A total of 200 patients were included in the study. Patients were randomized into three following groups. Out of 130 patients, 83 were males and the remaining 47 were females. The male to female ratio being 1.8:1. The mean age of the patients included in the study was 52 years, range being 22-80 years the patients of head and neck cancer in the trial had different sites of involvement. In the trial the patients presented with various symptoms such as pain, swelling, ulcer, bleeding, dysphagia, dyspnea, hoarseness of voice and nasal obstruction etc. No patient had early stage disease. All the patients in the trial had the experience of nausea and vomiting, it was more marked in patients having radiotherapy; either alone or in concomitant with chemotherapy. Concomitant chemo-radiotherapy in locally advanced, unresectable head and neck carcinoma is statistically superior to induction chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy and the standard radiotherapy alone

Colorectal carcinoma; frequency in southern punjab

To note the frequency of colorectal carcinoma in southern Punjab. Retrospective observational study. Histopathology department Nishtar Hospital Multan from January 1993 to December 2003. Subject and Methods: Among 45114 surgical specimens received from January 1993 to December 2003, 526 were diagnosed as cases of colorectal carcinoma out of these 316 were male and 210 were female patients. Peak age for male was 51-60 years while for female it was 31-40 years. From all the received specimens, appropriate number of sections were passed, haematoxylin and eosin staining was done and light microscope was used for the diagnosis. During ten year period total 526 cases were diagnosed as a case of colorectal carcinoma. Among them, rectal carcinoma was the most common with over all male predominance. Colorectal carcinoma was one to two decade earlier more common in female than in male. The commonest histological variant was adenocarcinoma with an increasing t endency towards left side of colon. Colorectal carcinoma is more common in males, earlier in females than males which needs further work up

Variant angina; comparison of patients with and without fixed severe coronary artery disease

The syndrome of variant angina occurs in patients with a wide spectrum of coronary artery obstructions, ranging from normal coronary arteries to severe 3-vessel coronary artery disease [CAD]. Treatment of these patients is, in large part, determined by the extent and severity of the underlying fixed coronary obstructions. To determine the clinical features of variant angina with and without fixed severe coronary artery disease. Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Two years. Descriptive, comparative analytical study. Sample size 108 patients. Sampling technique: Convenient probability sampling done. 43 patients with variant angina who had less than 50% fixed coronary luminal diameter narrowing [group-I] were compared with 65 patients with variant angina who had 70% or greater diameter narrowing [group-II]. Statistically significant differences were found in 3 clinical features between group-I and group-II i.e. [1] a more than 3 months history of angina at rest before diagnosis [80% vs 23%, P <0.001]; [2] an abnormal electrocardiogram at rest [19 vs 48%, P <0.01]. [3] an abnormal stress test [26% [8 of 30] vs 84% [15 of 18], P <0.01. However, these features were not clinically reliable in separating patients with variant angina with and without fixed severe obstructions because of overlap between the two groups. No difference was found between the 2 groups in age, sex, predominant symptoms at the time of catheterization, history of exertional angina, syncope with angina, prolonged angina, previous artery disease. Coronary arteriography should be performed to define the underlying coronary anatomy and to determine optimal therapy in patients with variant angina

Tuberculous ascites; diagnostic values of ADA activity

Objective: To assess the value of adenosine deaminase activity for the diagnosis of tuberculous ascites without performing peritoneal biopsy. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Medical Unit IV Nishtar Hospital, Multan

Material and Methods: Fifty patients and fifty controls were included in the study. The selection criteria for the patients were history, clinical examination and lymphocytic exudative ascites; and these were labeled as Group-A. While transudative ascites subjects were kept as control and denoted as Group-B. ADA activity in the ascitic fluid of all the subjects of Group-A and Group-B was estimated by Giusti G method. The ADA activity of 40 u/L. Results were statistically analyzed by applying chi square test. The results would be labeled statistically significant if p value calculated was <0.05

Results: The ADA activity of the Group-A was 42.4+/-10.62 u/L while that of Group-B was 20+/-10 u/L. Thirty-five in Group-A and five of Group-B had ADA activity above cut off value [P <0.001]

Conclusion: The results favour the application of ADA activity in ascitic fluid as the diagnostic tool for tuberculosis ascites without performing an invasive procedure like peritoneal biopsy. The study revealed high levels of ADA activity in ascitic fluids of tuberculous patients as compared to control group [having transudative ascites], 42.4+/-10.62 u/L and 20.0+/-10.0 u/L respectively